peace and hotep,

karibkween.

Maps of the Texas Indian lands need to be viewed with a few things in mind. First, many of the Indians moved around quite a lot. A new tribe would move in and push the old tribe into a new territory. Of course that new territory was occupied by another tribe who had to move on or share their lands. Many of the territories overlapped quite a bit. For example, the Tonkawa and the Karankawa shared most of the regions between their homelands. The Caddo shared regions with the Wichita to the west and the Atakapan groups to the south of them. There were no clear boundaries. The central Texas region from north of Dallas down to Austin and over the piney woods area is often called the buffer area in many books. Tarrant and Dallas counties are not claimed by any one tribe. I have left them as mixed because the Comanches, Wichita, Caddo and Tonkawa were all found there along with a few smaller tribes. That is how mixed up the geography can be in many places.

Other regions like the Caddo in east Texas and the Karankawa regions on the coast were pretty stable. The same culture lived on and controlled their land and did not share it. The Caddo and Karankawa lived on the same land for thousands of years and may well have been the original occupants. http://www.texasindians.com/maps.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo

Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northwest Louisiana The Southern Publishing Company, Chicago & Nashville, 1890:

"....Keatchie, sometimes written Keatchi, Keitche, Keachi, is an old college town named after some lazy Indian of fifty years ago. A reference to the chapter on pioneers will point out the names of the early resident land owners in this vicinity, while in other chapters many names and some im- portant incidents connected with the village are given. During the war this section sent forward a large number of old and young men to recruit the De Soto legions in the field, and even before the injudicious attack on Fort Sumter was made the modern warriors of this old Indian land were prepared to defend their property and homes against Northern fanaticism. In 1865 G. W. Pey- ton established a mercantile house at this point. Hungerford and Mason, W. B. Peyton, E. Schuler, P. N. Scarborough, J. M. Peyton and others es- tablished their houses since the war. In Septem- ber, 1866, the post-office was restored, and Miss H. Schroeder placed in charge......" http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~danielcollier/documents/KLouisiana.html

http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/desoto/history/entire.txt

The treaty with the Caddo Indians was nego-

tiated July 1, 1835, by Jehiel Brooks, representing

the United States, and Tehowahinno, Toockroach,

Tehowainia, Sauninow, Highahidock, Mattan; Tow-

abinneh, Aach, Sookianton, Sohone and Ossinsa

chiefs and warriors of the Caddos. By this treaty

they ceded the lands bounded on the west by the

north and south lines separating the United States

from the Republic of Mexico between the Saline

and Red River, on the north and east by the Red

River, on the south by Pascagoula Bayou to its

junction with Bayou Pierre, thence to Wallace Lake

and up Cypress Bayou to the international line.

For this cession $40,000 in cash or goods was

paid within a year, and $10,000 per annum for

the succeeding four years. Other chiefs signing

were Tarshar, Trauninot, Satiuwnhown, Tennehi-

nun, Chowabah, Kianhoon, Tiatesun, Tehowawi-

now, Tewinnun, Kardy and Tiohtow. In 1801

those Indians gave to Francois Grappe and his

three sons four leagues of land, which the treaty

of 1835 approved and located same four leagues on

Red River and one league on Pascagoula Bayou.

To Larkin Edwards, the old and poor interpreter,

one section of land was given by this treaty to be

located by himself.

In 1700 Bienville arrived at Natchitoches and

after a short stay pushed up the river f6rty miles

to the Yattassee village, where St. Denis established

a temporary post some years after.

In 1795 Pedro Dolet or Dolette, of Bayou Pierre,

made a settlement on the margin of Bayou Adayes

or Adaise. The ceremony as detailed in the State

papers consisted of pulling grass, making holes in

the ground and throwing dust in the Mr. The De

Sotos also proved their settlement in the Bayou

Pierre country early in the eighteenth century and

other French and Spanish settlers selected places

for homes. During the decade ending in 1840 a

large number of people from the Carolinas, Georgia

and Alabama came in, and when the parish was

established in 1843, each congressional township

claimed its complement of resident land owners.

Dr. Thomson, who now resides across the dry-

line in Texas, has been a subject of two monarchs-

Spanish and French; a citizen of two republics-

the United States and Texas, and resided in three

parishes--Natchitochea, Caddo and De Soto, with-

out moving his home.

The slave owners of the parish, who paid taxes

on nine or more slaves in 1861, with the number

of slaves owned by each, are given as follows:

(see history file slaves.txt in De Soto Parish Archives)
Ten thousand tales of slave days might be

related, many droll in the extreme, several concili-

atory-tales of happy days-and some horrible.

Stories of the patrol companies, of refugee slaves

and their hunters; of the slave traders and buyers

are all told, many brimful with merriment, some

chivalrous and some shocking. Tales of the Reg-

ulators are full of horrors, while those of the

Moderators-men organized to regulate or check

the Regulators- tell of excess after excess. It is

well for De Soto that the days of discord have

passed away forever.

The act to create the parish of De Soto was

approved March 27, 1843, and on June 3 the first

meeting of parish officers (commissioned by the

governor) was held at Screamerville, where is now

the Samuel Ivey dwelling and plantation.

http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~garyscottcollins/Edward-Eells.pdf

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